According to the latest report by HSBC, total FDI to ASEAN-6 (Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines) has averaged nearly $127 billion per year since 2010, approximately three times more than the average over the previous decade – the average for 2000-09 was $41 billion.

Similarly, net FDI – inbound minus outbound direct investment – has averaged nearly $54 billion a year since 2010, almost four times the average from the previous decade.

Thinking of FDI-driven economic success stories, Vietnam naturally stands out. The country has turned itself into a rising star in global supply chains, gaining a substantial global market share in many sectors including textiles, footwear, and consumer electronics.

Since Vietnam’s Doi Moi reforms in 1986, industrial parks have been set up across the country, attracting investors with preferential tax incentives and an abundance of relatively cheap and productive labour. New FDI has been flowing into the country since the 2010s, with the lion’s share concentrated in the manufacturing sector, which consistently accounts for 4-6 per cent of GDP.

Malaysia and Vietnam are consistently the top FDI receivers relative to GDP

Much of the investment initially entered the low-value textile and footwear space, however, Vietnam has climbed up the value chain over the years, growing into a key manufacturing hub for electronics products in the last two decades.

Electronics exports reached a record high of $100 billion in 2021, accounting for over 30 per cent of Vietnam’s total exports – just 20 years ago, the share was only 5 per cent.

Much of the success in tech is thanks to Samsung’s multi-year FDI in Vietnam, which started in the late 2000s. With an investment of around $18 billion over the years, Samsung now has eight factories and one research and development centre in Vietnam, including two smartphone factories that produce half of the company’s smartphones and tablets.

The success of Samsung has led other tech giants, such as Google and LG, to shift their supply chains to Vietnam.

The trend intensified during the US-China trade tensions, which not only lifted Vietnam’s exports but also accelerated FDI inflows. Even though the process was partially disrupted by the pandemic, FDI inflows have remained remarkably resilient, in particular related to Apple-connected production.

For example, two Taiwanese Apple suppliers – Pegatron and Foxconn – and two mainland Chinese assemblers – Luxshare and Goertek – have all announced substantial investment plans to ramp up production capacity in Vietnam.

HSBC believes that Vietnam’s competitive FDI regime and sound macro fundamentals should continue to attract quality FDI, which is key in helping the economy move up the value chain.

Its tech ambition is far from just being a low-end manufacturing hub. However, this means that more reforms, including upskilling the workforce and improving infrastructure quality, are needed to grasp the opportunities.

According to another report by the Hinrich Foundation, Vietnam's increasing openness saw a higher increase in FDI stock as a percentage of GDP. Compared to its regional peers, the country changed from one of the most restricted to FDI to one of the most open.

One useful change was the revision of the Law on Investment policy, which restricted the ability of the central and subnational governments to issue regulations on investment. This change removed uncertainty and overlapping or contradictory legislation.

The latest data by the Ministry of Planning and Investment reveals that Vietnam lured over $14 billion in FDI in the first six months of 2022.

Among 84 countries and territories investing in Vietnam during this time, Singapore took the lead with a total investment capital of more than $4.1 billion, followed by South Korea with over $2.6 billion.

Source: VIR