Environment pollution costs 3 percent of GDP

Environmental experts have repeatedly warned of Vietnam’s vulnerability to repercussions from pollution and environmental degradation.

The ever-expanding gravity of the danger directly threatens national socio-economic achievements, despite strict regulatory efforts.

An October 11 seminar on environment protection in Hanoi heard that economic losses in industrial production and service provision, environmental pollution added the equivalent of 3 percent of GDP to the country’s 2010 healthcare bill.

Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Bui Cach Tuyen said Vietnam recognises the importance of sustainable development and environmental protection and it has sought out and received significant capital and technical support from international organisations.

But problems linger. Many industrial zones have not invested in proper wastewater treatment, polluting surrounding waterways, and pollution in rural areas and craft villages is also worsening.

The Government highlighted urgent environmental issues in an attempt to devise appropriate, effective responses and raise State management agency capacity.

These priorities include local planning, international cooperation, environmentally friendly infrastructure, and wastewater treatment facilities in urban and basin areas.

The seminar’s experts asked the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment to address environmental issues as soon as possible, improve monitoring at industrial zones and complexes, raise the prominence of environmental impact assessments during planning, and highlight pollution’s dangers in rural areas, craft villages, big cities, and basins.

Vietnam should control waste material imports, prevent ecological degradation, and reform the State’s approach to environmental management.

Students enter Japanese eloquence contest

The first Japanese eloquence contest was held in the northern port city of Haiphong on October 12, by the municipal People’s Committee in coordination with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

The event was part of activities to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Vietnam-Japan diplomatic ties (1973-2013).

Twelve most outstanding candidates from universities and joint venture companies took part in the contest, which focused on bilateral ties, as well as work and the daily lives of Vietnamese people in Japan.

They competed in five-minute presentations and Q&A sessions, and were judged on their ability to use the language, the content they present, and the impression they make on the jury.

La Quang Tien from Haiphong private university won first prize, followed by Doan Trong Luc from a ship design and training centre and Kim Duyen from Bridgestone tyre manufacturing company.

The contest aimed to create a good opportunity for Vietnamese students and employees to improve their Japanese language skills and help locals gain a better understanding about Japanese people and culture.

Japan helps Ninh Thuan with ophthalmic equipment

The Japanese government has provided the Ninh Thuan Eye Centre with Phaco eye surgery equipment as part of its non-refundable aid project signed on September 5 last year.

Japanese Counsel General in Ho Chi Minh City Hida Harunitsu and Executive Director of the Asia-Pacific Prevention of Blindness Association (APBA) Hattori Tadashi handed over the equipment to representatives of the centre in Phan Rang-Thap Cham city on October 11.

The project aims to help the province control preventable diseases leading to blindness, reduce the rate of the blind, and improve the health of local people, especially low income earners.

The same day, the centre conducted surgeries for 30 patients with cataract problems.

Since 2010, it has worked with APBA to offer free Phaco eye surgery for poor local patients with an average of 100 cases per year.

Dong Nai invests infrastructure for climate change adaption

The southern province of Dong Nai has spent 1.5 trillion VND (75 million USD) over the last five years to build infrastructure facilities to respond to climate change, said Vice Chairman of the provincial People’s Committee Vo Van Chanh.

According to Chanh, the money was used to carry out projects such as consolidating embankment in Dong Nai River; building waste-water drainage and treatment system in Bien Hoa city and Nhon Trach and Vinh Cuu districts; upgrading medical sewage treatment system in hospitals at provincial and district levels; building waste treatment system for medical stations.

In addition, the province also invested to upgrade water reservoirs in Long Thanh, Xuan Loc and Thong Nhat districts, Long Khanh town and Bien Hoa city; sluice gate project in Long Thanh district, water inundation prevention project in Suoi Cai spring in Long Khanh town, embankment building in La Nga River in Dinh Quan district and protective forest plantations in Vinh Cuu and Long Thanh districts.

In order to promote environment protection, the province asked industrial parks to install automatic observation systems to facilitate the provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment’s control of quality of wastewater before discharging into environment.

In the province’s forest planning and development in the 2011-2020 period, the locality has disbursed over 300 billion VND (14.5 million USD) for protecting and preventing forest fire, and building database of forestry and cultivation land.

Literature exams scandalised

A literature exam in Haiphong City stirred up controversy when it required students to give opinions on statements of two controversial young girls in Vietnam's showbiz.

In an exam, 12th grade students were asked to write a critical essay on the following topics: "Model Ngoc Trinh said in an interview that no money equaled no love." And, "Recently, Le Thi Huyen Anh or Ba Tung also said, 'I want lots of rich men care for me and give me money.'" They were required to write a maximum of 800 words about social progress and luxurious dreams of young girls in modern society on these prompts.

After the question was publicised, it attracted much attention. Ngoc Trinh and Le Thi Huyen Anh are both well-known on the web for wearing scanty outfits and making shocking statements about their fame.

Many people have come out and said these two names should have no place in a literature exam. The headmaster of Luong The Vinh High School in Hanoi, Van Nhu Cuong, also objected to the question. According to him, the two statements alone have already caused so much opposition that teachers will find it difficult to mark the tests if the students side with the Vietnamese celebrities.

Meanwhile, Truong Thi Ngoc Bich, former literature teacher at Kim Lien High School in Hanoi, said that Ngoc Trinh and Huyen Anh do not represent for the young generation and that the question should not associate 'social progress' with a 'luxurious lifestyle'.

"These two girls will only get more famous after this exam. Students who did not know them before will look them up, and who knows, some young students may mimick their bad habits," said one teacher.

On the other hand, many people said the question was creative and realistic. The negative or bad habits such as materialism or lack of morals in life could be criticised in students' exams. They say that it allows students to express their opinions on modern society.

Nguyen Thi Hoang Mai, teacher of literature in HCMC, thinks that this is a good question. According to Mai, Ngoc Trinh and Huyen Anh are just very specific examples of a certain lifestyle. "It's a decadent lifestyle. But using a negative phenomenon in an essay on criticism is normal because, negative or not, it's still a part of our society." she said.

Dang Dinh Dai, Deputy Head of Board of Studies of Wellspring International School, has taught literature for 50 years. Dai agreed that the question was good. "Students will have an opportunity to show off their abilities with these types of questions," he said.

Locals furious after crops destroyed by hydro-plant

Dozens of houses and hundreds of hectares of coffee in the catchment area of Dong Nai 2 Hydro-power Plant's reservoir have been submerged after the facility began storing water three weeks ago.

Three communes in Lam Dong Province's Lam Ha District have been badly affected by the rising water levels.

Bui Quang Tien, a Lien Ha Commune resident, said: "The reservoir's water level raises so quickly that several hectares of coffee on my farm have been flooded."

Another resident, Vu Duy Tam, said he and others were annoyed by the lack of notice they were given over the reservoir's plans.

"We did not receive an official notice about the reservoirs' water store, we just heard from others about it," he added.

The district authority said although they approved Trung Nam Hydro-power Joint Stock Company - the investor behind the hydro-power plant - to store water in early September, the company only gave the authority three days notice before commencing the operation.

"It was a very short period for locals to prepare," the authority said.

Chairman of Tan Thanh Commune People's Committee Doan Van Trung said "The lack of notice caused big losses for local residents."

The damage was initially estimated to cost hundreds of billions of dong, including a loss of VND160 billion ($7.5 million) because 200ha of coffee crops were damaged.

As regulated, the company has to finish paying land clearance compensation to local residents before it can start storing water.

"This did not happen," said Trung from Tan Thanh Commune.

According to investigations by a Vietnam News Agency correspondent in the province, the company has to pay compensation of VND134 billion ($6.3 million) to 297 households living in the reservoir catchment area.

So far, only VND90 billion ($4.2 million) of this has been paid.

A company representative said the compensation fund was doubled due to changes in local policy, making it difficult to meet the commitment.

The provincial People's Committee has ordered authorised agencies to calculate the total damage caused by the reservoir's water store and told the company to pay additional compensation.

Greener Viet Nam expected through new int'l initiative

Viet Nam yesterday took another major step towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and rural development, marked by the start of the UN-REDD Phase II Programme.

More than 100 stakeholders from the government, local authorities, NGOs and development partners participated in a workshop in Ha Noi to shape the implementation of the programme.

The project follows a Joint Declaration on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD+) signed by Norway and Viet Nam in late 2012.

As part of the Declaration, the Government of Norway has provided a NOK180 million (US$30 million) grant to support the implementation of the UN-REDD Viet Nam Phase II Programme.

This makes Viet Nam one of a very select group of countries taking REDD+ to the next level, moving from "getting ready for REDD+" to implementing activities on the ground.

Phase I (2009-13) has successfully developed a National REDD+ Action Programme and built skills, knowledge and experience among stakeholders.

It was jointly implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the UN Development Programme (UNDP) the and UN Environment Programme (UNEP).

During the next three years, this will translate into better forest and land-use management in six pilot provinces: Bac Kan, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Ha Tinh, Lam Dong and Lao Cai.

While Phase II's key goal is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, it is also expected to bring additional environmental and social benefits.

To meet these goals, the first steps have already been taken to prepare for participatory local-level REDD+ planning in Central Highland Lam Dong Province.

Addressing the workshop, UN Resident Co-ordinator Ms Pratibha Mehta highlighted the need for greater stakeholder engagement.

"The most important lesson that we have learned so far is the need for much greater stakeholder engagement and better co-ordination and collaboration," she said.

"Although the UN and Government will jointly be held responsible for implementing this Phase II programme, its success will depend on many others, including civil society organizations, communities and the private sector," she said.

Farmers' Delta fishing dries up

Farmers in the Cuu Long (Mekong) Delta augment their income by catching fish and other aquatic creatures during the annual flood season, but the catch has been becoming meagre in recent years.

The flooding, usually between July and November, brings silt and an abundance of species from upstream, especially to Dong Thap and An Giang Provinces.

Nguyen Van Du, a farmer in a commune in Dong Thap Province's Hong Ngu District, says he catches crabs but only makes a profit of VND70,000-80,000 a day.

"Maybe I will find another job next year," he says.

Nguyen Trang Su, deputy chairman of the Hong Ngu People's Committee, says the catch in the river has generally reduced by half in recent years, with fishermen in the district together netting only 1,000-2,000 tonnes a year now.

He blames the decline on several reasons, including over exploitation in recent years.

Le Van Van of An Giang Province's An Phu District, who owns three fishing nets that are cast in the river using a system of poles to let fish and other aquatic species swim into them, says the nets now catch around 300kg of various fishes daily.

A fish known as ca linh is the most abundant.

"We caught 4-5 tonnes of ca linh a day in July last year when the flood season began," he says.

But at the beginning of this year's flood season he only caught 1 tonne.

Nguyen Van Vy, who catches blue-legged prawns in An Giang Province's An Phu District, says this year the water level too is lower than past years as is the quantity of blue-legged prawns.

His catch is down to around 20 prawns a day, or just a third of last year's.

He earns a profit of VND50,000-60,000 daily.

The An Giang Fisheries Protection Sub-department says the catch during the flood season has fallen by 60 per cent over the past decade.

Nguyen Huu Thien, an expert in ecology and natural systems based in the delta, says due to the impacts of climate change, rising sea levels, and the construction of dams upstream, aquatic species in the delta would continue declining.

The livelihoods of people in the delta's upstream areas would be severely hit, he warns.

Legal experts lobby for marriage equality

Experts yesterday called for greater equality for women to be reflected in amendments to the Law on Marriage and Family.

The conference was held in Ha Noi by the Centre for Law and Policy Research to consult with lawyers, notaries and women's associations on amendments to the current Law.

Legal experts agreed that the current Law on Marriage and Family, which was issued in 2000, ensured some level of women's and children's rights, but still showed limitations exposed during its 13 years of implementation.

Currently, the law is not equipped to resolve issues pertaining to women and foreign men, same-sex couples, fake marriages and divorce proceedings.

The current law's implementation has faced difficulties arising from outdated perceptions valuing men above women and customs in some localities which do not properly address issues relating to women and children.

Tran Thi Mai Huong, deputy chairwoman of the Viet Nam Association for Protection of Children's Rights, said clearer regulations on healthcare and legal protection were needed to reflect the reality of marriages in Viet Nam.

She also said that provisions on separation needed to be added, as only two options were available for resolving disputes (mediation and divorce), when in reality, many couples preferred legal separation as the best outcome for their dispute.

"Some couples do not want to divorce to avoid negative impacts on children, however, living together with unresolved issues led to household violence and women are the victims," she said.

A study by the Centre for Law and Policy Research on more than 100 divorce requests sent to the Hoa Binh City People's Court, between 2008 and 2012, showed that half the requests were due to household violence.

Director of the centre Le Thi Ngan Giang said the law needed clearer provisions on the division of assets, given marital property often made it difficult for lawyers proceeding with divorce requests.

Experts also found the law did not contain detailed rules for unmarried couples living together, with women often facing disadvantages in legal disputes.

"With the addition, the law will be more compatible with real life and promote the rights of women," said Giang.

A Government socio-economic development report estimated the proportion of poor Vietnamese households stood at 11.5 percent in 2012, down 1.3 percent from a year earlier.

The report was discussed at an October 11 World Food Day ceremony in northern Thai Binh province, this year themed “Sustainable Food Systems for Food Security and Nutrition”.

It heard 450,000 Vietnamese households went hungry in 2012, 27.6 percent less than in 2011. Food shortages were most prevalent in northern mountainous, north-central, and central highland regions.

Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) Nguyen Thi Xuan Thu told the ceremony that Vietnam must invest more effort and resources into its poverty eradication and food security campaigns.

Thu praised the Party, State, and all sectors of government for the attention paid to poverty reduction and rural and agricultural development, raising the incomes and improving the material lives of the nation’s rural residents.

The Deputy Minister expressed Vietnam’s desire for more substantial future support from the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Its contributions would enable the country to proceed with poverty reduction, food security, and rural construction schemes.

FAO’s Chief Vietnam Representative Jong Ha Bae underlined the need for Vietnam to expand measures boosting agricultural production and elevating the quality of resource management, public healthcare, and education.

Hanoi – Great tradition, bright future

In the 59 years since the liberation of Hanoi (October 10, 1954), the city has taken on an entirely new look. With the motto "effective, active and creative", city authorities have led Hanoi to overcome challenges, maintain the economic growth rate and ensure social welfare. Report by Nhan Dan Online newspaper.

Early this year, city leaders designated removing barriers to production and business activities as one of its key tasks in 2013, responding to the global economic crisis.

A municipal Steering Committee for resolving difficulties encountered by enterprises was established, holding extensive meetings with enterprises to hear their problems and recommendations. Through such meetings, many issues related to administrative procedures, taxes, banking loans, inventory and employment have been addressed thanks to actions taken by city authorities.

Thanks to the joint efforts of Hanoi’s authorities and its business community, the city's economy grew by 7.88 percent, year on year, in the first nine months of 2013. That figure is expected to rise to 8.1-8.2 percent for the entire year, meeting the annual target. Notably, the city's industrial production index has increased 4.4 percent compared to the same nine-month period in 2012.

Various commodities recorded increased export revenue in the first three quarters, including apparel, electronics and components, handicrafts and footwear. The apparel sector brought in the largest export revenue with 895 million USD, a 14.3 percent year-on-year increase. Hanoi’s aggregate foreign trade revenue went up by 23 percent against the same period last year.

The city contributed nearly 80 trillion VND (3.76 billion USD) to the State budget in the first eight months of this year, representing 16.5 percent of the nation's overall budget collection.

Vice Chairman of the Hanoi municipal People's Committee Nguyen Van Suu said that the figures resulted from considerable efforts made by the whole city, which have been very important for the development of enterprises, job creation, economic growth and State budget collection.

Strengthening administrative reform with a focus on administrative procedure reform is one of two major tasks for socio-economic development in the 2010-2015 period laid out in the Resolution of the 15th Congress of Hanoi's Party Committee.

However, the work completed until now has yet to pay off, as Hanoi’s provincial competitiveness index has declined constantly. In 2012, Hanoi ranked 51st of the 63 provinces and cities in competitiveness, dropping 15 places from 2011.

To solve the problem, the city’s leaders have launched programmes to improve its competitiveness with the reform of administrative procedures considered as the key to eliminating red tape and inconveniences.

Such measures have created positive changes on the local level. Nearly all departments, sectors and districts have reviewed their working rules, promoted empowerment, implemented the ‘one-stop shop’ mechanism and enhanced the application of information technology in handling administrative procedures.

Some departments have come up with innovative and effective solutions. The Department of Justice, for example, has worked with the Municipal Police and the Department of Health to streamline administrative procedures so that a new-born baby can be granted a household registration and a health insurance card immediately. The Department of Internal Affairs is piloting the "one-stop shop" model at some State-owned enterprises and co-ordinating with other departments to reduce overlapping administrative procedures. Hai Ba Trung and Long Bien districts have been pioneers in reducing the number of meetings and enhancing the accountability of their leaders. The Department of Finance and Long Bien district have also been using CCTV cameras to monitor the attitude of civil servants towards the people.

In order to increase transparency in land use, the city government has ordered departments and local authorities to accelerate and publicise all information on land use planning in the 2011-2015 period. The city government has also scrapped some administrative procedures related to land and expedited the issuance of land use certificates. In addition, the city government has begun conducting frequent inspections to uncover and punish those who cause trouble for people and enterprises.

Although red tape has not been completely eliminated, the initial improvement in the awareness and responsibility of civil servants and officials is unmistakable. The most notable progress is that civil servants have now developed a greater awareness of their responsibility towards businesses and the people and.

2013 is the critical year in implementing the resolution of the 15th Municipal Party Congress, and departments and local authorities have been required to accelerate the construction of crucial infrastructure projects. However, it is worrying that 37 out of 55 key projects are behind schedule, according to the Department of Planning and Investment. The delay of these projects has been caused chiefly by lack of capital, bottlenecks in land clearance and weak management.

In order to tackle the shortage of capital, the city has issued bonds to raise 2 trillion VND (94 million USD) for five transport infrastructure projects, two hospitals and a water drainage project. The obstacles to land clearance have also been removed when the city has devised special mechanisms to pay appropriate compensation, support resettlement and increase dialogue with relocated households.

After two months of aggressive action, the hindrance to land clearance has basically been eliminated. Clear space is now available for the construction of Ring Road No.1, which is scheduled for completion by the end of the year. Work has also started on the Nga Tu So - Nga Tu Vong section of Ring Road No.2. The land clearance phases of some other projects, such as the new National Highway 3 and the road linking the Nhat Tan bridge and Noi Bai International Airport, are also nearing completion.

59 years after its liberation, Hanoi has transformed from a small and underdeveloped city into a large metropolis, especially since its administrative boundaries were expanded in 2008. Compared with 1954, the area of Hanoi has increased 18-fold, and its population is also 17 times larger. Despite a bumpy road ahead, it is believed that the Party committee and people of Hanoi will overcome all difficulties and challenges to make steady progress on the path to a wealthy, beautiful, civilised and modern capital city, worthy of the expectations and love of people around the nation.-

Ha Noi reviews failing infrastructure projects

The Director of Ha Noi's Finance Department, Nguyen Doan Toan, has said the city is facing difficulties funding its infrastructure development projects.

Reviewing infrastructure development in the first nine months of this year, Toan said that until now, the city's budget only accounted for around 54 per cent of planned projects, creating a high probability of funding deficits.

Many projects fell short of funding, including 122 resettlement projects in need of VND26 trillion (US$1.2 billion) with only VND2 trillion ($95 million) available to fund the projects annually, he said, adding that this caused long delays in projects.

The director of the city's Planning and Investment Department, Ngo Van Quy, said that this year, the city lacked VND5.3 trillion ($251.75 million) for infrastructure development.

According to the department, the city needed nearly VND25 trillion ($1.18 billion) to develop its infrastructure projects this year, whilst as of last June, the city owed around VND1.98 trillion ($94 million) in construction fees.

In the first nine months of this year, the city disbursed over VND11 trillion ($522.5 million) for infrastructure projects, accounting for 58 per cent of planned estimates.

In an effort to raise money for infrastructure development, the city issued VND2 trillion in bonds for projects.

The city also moved to halt around 120 projects worth more than VND30 trillion ($1.42 billion) and withdrew a reserved sum of VND160 billion ($7.6 million) from nine planned projects who were behind schedule.

The municipal People's Committee vice chairman, Nguyen Van Suu,said that funding disbursement for infrastructure projects in the city during the past nine months was 62.9 per cent, 3.5 per cent higher than that of the same period last year, but still lower than the national average rate of 71 per cent.

He asked districts and departments to review their budgets and triage projects to adjust investment plans to fund key projects.

"Authorities and relevant agencies need to work to find proper mechanisms for land clearance and incentives to attract different economic sectors join in infrastructure projects," he said.

Vietnam gets aid to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Vietnam has received a USD30-million grant from the Norwegian government to implement a system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions due to deforestation and forest degradation.

The Vietnamese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), in coordination with the Norwegian government and UN agencies, held a seminar in Hanoi this morning, October 11, to kick off the UN-REDD Vietnam phase II.

The United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (or UN-REDD Programme) is a collaborative initiative in developing countries, created in response to the UNFCCC decision on REDD at COP 13 and the Bali Action Plan.

Vietnamese Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Cao Duc Phat, approved UN-REDD Vietnam phase II in July of this year with a total investment of USD30 million coming from the non-refundable aid of the Norwegian government for the 2013-2015 period.

Speaking at the launch event, Phat said, “REDD+ is among many important efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions so as to realise the target of lowering these emissions in the agricultural sector by 20% by 2020, as well as to foster green growth.”

The programme is aimed at enhancing the capacity of Vietnamese central and local governments, as well as communities which have forests, so local residents can benefit from incentive monitoring funding in the next phase.

The programme would be piloted in the six provinces of Bac Kan, Lao Cai, Ha Tinh, Binh Thuan, Lam Dong and Ca Mau, based on the progress and results of phase I which lasted from 2009 to 2013.

Pratibha Mehta, UN Resident Coordinator in Vietnam, told DTiNews, on the sidelines of the meeting, that in order to successfully implement such a large-scale project for only two years it requires several elements, including effective governance, the participation of communities, coordination between MARD and other ministries and branches.

“Vietnam is in a good position to trade carbon with developed countries like Norway, however, Vietnam has to establish the institutional framework first and create mechanisms on the issue,” she added.

Vietnam continues efforts to enhance sustainable forest management

A workshop was held in Hanoi this morning to layout plans to implement phase two of the United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (UN-REDD Programme) in Vietnam.

The second phase, funded with financial aid of US$30 million provided by the Norwegian government, aims to enhance Vietnam’s ability to benefit from future result-based payments for emissions reduction and forestry restructuring and is being implemented from 2013 to 2015 in the six provinces of Lao Cai, Bac Kan, Ha Tinh, Binh Thuan, Lam Dong and Ca Mau.

Addressing the workshop, UN Resident Coordinator Pratibha Mehta highlighted the need for greater stakeholder engagement, stressing that linkages and co-operation among all relevant sides, including UN agencies, government, civil society organisations and localities, is the most important factor to ensure the successful realisation of the programme.

For his part, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Cao Duc Phat thanked UN agencies and the Norwegian government for providing both financial and technical assistance to Vietnam.

He pledged to work closely with stakeholders to successfully realise the UN-REDD Programme’s phase two while requesting the six piloted localities to co-operate and creating favourable conditions to ensure effective implementation.

In Vietnam, the UN-REDD Programme is a major pillar of the country’s efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the agriculture and rural development sector by 20% while increasing overall forest coverage to 45% by 2020 through developing and implementing improved policies that address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation.

The first phase was piloted in the Central Highlands province of Lam Dong from 2009-2013, successfully developing a National REDD+ Action Programme and building skills, knowledge and experience among stakeholders.

Vietnam has been the first of 47 UN-REDD partner countries to move into the second phase of the programme to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through improved forest and land-use management.

Source: VEF/VNA/VNS/VOV/SGT/SGGP/Dantri